悲（佛教）

悲（梵文、巴利语：Karuṇā）是佛教的主要教义及修行目标，英文通常翻译为同情（Compassion）。为四梵住之一。

佛教

慈悲是所有佛教教派的共同理念，意思是同情心或同理心，当别人受苦时能够同情的心。在上座部佛教而言，慈悲被认为是达致今世解脱及喜乐的法门。而在大乘佛教来说，慈悲更是普渡众生以及修成菩提心的法门。

在上座部佛教中，慈悲是四无量心所（又称梵住心所，Brahmavihāra）之一。四无量心所包括善（Mettā）、慈悲（Karuṇā）、随喜（Muditā）和无分别心（upekkha），有时亦会译为慈、悲、喜、舍。^[1]根据巴利文经典，佛陀认为四无量心适合出家人或未出家的施主修行，^[2]并认为四无量心能照耀四方，去除三毒，^[3]今世净心喜乐，下一世得往生天界。^[4]^[5]

在大乘佛教（汉传佛教与藏传佛教）来说，慈悲被提升到和般若（prajña，有时译智慧）同等的重要性，是通往菩萨道的途径。^[6]在大乘佛教的修行方法中，认为修行者首先要发大愿（Vow）普渡众生，然后要破除我执（self-center），见性明心，而慈悲（同情心）是破除自我中心的条件。^[7]

在汉传佛教，观音有时亦称为“大慈大悲观世音菩萨”，是推动慈悲，为众生救苦救难的菩萨。

藏传佛教亦以慈悲为修行的首要条件，以大乘经典《入菩提行论》为入门法则。^[8]

↑ Gethin (1998), pp.186-187; and, Rhys Davids & Stede, op. cit.
↑ For instance, in the Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3.65), the Buddha speaks of all Noble Disciples (ariya-savaka) developing the brahmaviharas (Thanissaro, 1994).
↑ Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3.65), trans. Thanissaro (1994). The "four directions" refer to east, south, west and north.
↑ AN 3.65 (Thanissaro, 1994). In regards to in which heavenly realm a frequent karuṇā dweller will be reborn, AN 4.125 (Thanissaro, 2006) identifies it as the realm of radiant (abhassara) devas, whose lifespans last two eons.
↑ SN-A 128 (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921–25, op. cit.); see also, BDEA & BuddhaNet (n.d.).
↑ Gethin (1999), p. 228.
↑ Stages of Meditation by H.H The Dalai Lama, Root Text by Kamalashila. Snow Lion Publications. Page 42-43
↑ The Way of the Bodhisattva by Shantideva. Shambhala Publications. Page 122-123

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Monier-Williams, Monier (1899, 1964). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-864308-X. Retrieved 2008-05-09 from "Cologne University" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf .
Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. Retrieved 2008-05-09 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ .
Shah, Pravin K. (n.d.). Nine Tattvas (Principles). Retrieved from "Harvard U." at https://web.archive.org/web/20090605003634/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/9tattva.htm.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1994). Kalama Sutta: To the Kalamas (AN 3.65). Retrieved 2008-05-10 from "Access to Insight" at https://web.archive.org/web/20111006181109/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.065.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). Metta Sutta: Good Will (1) (AN 4.125). Retrieved 2008-05-10 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.125.than.html .
Great Compassion Dharani Sutra