1971年印巴战争 | |||||||||
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印巴战争和孟加拉国独立战争的一部分 | |||||||||
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参战方 | |||||||||
Mukti Bahini 非正式支援: 苏联 |
巴基斯坦 伊朗 约旦 非正式支援: 美国 中国 | ||||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
PM Indira Gandhi Gen Sam Manekshaw Lt.Gen. J.S. Arora Lt.Gen. G.G. Bewoor Lt.Gen. K. P. Candeth Lt.Gen. Sagat Singh J. F. R. Jacob Adm S. M. Nanda ACM Pratap Lal |
Gen. Abdul Hamid Khan LGen Gul Hassan Khan LGen Tikka Khan LGen A. A. K. Niazi LGen Abdul Ali Malik LGen Akhtar Hussain Malik Iftikhar Janjua VAdm Muzaffar Hassan AM Abdul Rahim Khan | ||||||||
兵力 | |||||||||
50万人 | 36.5万人 | ||||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
3,843人阵亡[5]
巴基斯坦宣称 印度宣称
|
9,000人阵亡[15]
Pakistani Claims Indian Claims |
1971年印巴战争,也被称为第三次印巴战争,是1971年12月印度与巴基斯坦两国之间的战争。该战争与孟加拉国独立战争密切相关。
印度、孟加拉及国际上一般认为巴基斯坦在1971年12月3日空袭11个印度空军基地的“成吉思汗行动”是这次战争的开始。[21][22]
战争期间,印度与巴基斯坦的军队在东部和西部战场交战。当东巴基斯坦(今孟加拉国)的巴基斯坦军队在1971年12月16日投降时,战争在实质上结束,东巴基斯坦亦脱离巴基斯坦成为一个独立主权国家。在东巴基斯坦,约9万名巴国武装部队人员,包括准军事人员成为战俘。[23][24]
背景
这次印度与巴基斯坦的冲突由孟加拉国独立战争引发。
1971年3月27日,巴基斯坦军队一名少校齐亚·拉赫曼以谢赫·穆吉布·拉赫曼的名义宣布孟加拉独立。[25]4月,孟加拉国人民联盟领导人在梅黑尔布尔县成立一个临时政府。东巴基斯坦步枪队变节支持叛乱者。由正规军及游击队组成的孟加拉部队“解放军”成立。[26]
印度在孟加拉国独立战争的参与
巴基斯坦军队在东巴基斯坦发动探照灯行动,进行针对孟加拉族的屠杀,[27]特别是印度教徒少数族裔、知识分子及民族主义者,[28][29]引致约1000万人[28][30]从东巴基斯坦逃入印度避难。[27][31]这股难民潮在经济上对印度构成沉重负担。[29]
印度总理英迪拉·甘地在1971年3月27日表示她的政府全力支持东巴基斯坦人民的独立斗争。稍后流亡的东巴基斯坦军官联合印度情报人员,开始在难民营招募及训练解放军游击队员。[32]
战争后果
本次战争导致孟加拉国脱离巴基斯坦独立。印度接受巴基斯坦提出的联合国军停战方案。
参见
参考文献
- ↑ Lyon, Peter. Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2008: 166. ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2.
India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia
- ↑ Kemp, Geoffrey. The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East. Brookings Institution Press. 2010: 52. ISBN 978-0-8157-0388-4.
However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India
- ↑ Byman, Daniel. Deadly connections: states that sponsor terrorism. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 159. ISBN 978-0-521-83973-0.
India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972
- ↑ Indian Air Force. Squadron 5, Tuskers. Global Security. [20 October 2009].
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Official Government of India Statement giving numbers of KIA, Parliament of India Website
- ↑ 存档副本. [2012-04-25].
- ↑ DAMAGE ASSESMENT - 1971 INDO-PAK NAVAL WAR. Orbat.com. [2012-07-27].
- ↑ 1971 Indo/Pak Naval War. Pakdef.info. 1971-12-04 [2012-07-27].
- ↑ Pakistan Military Consortium. www.PakDef.info. [2012-07-27].
- ↑ Air Chief Marshal P C Lal. My Days with the IAF. 1986: 286. ISBN 978-81-7062-008-2.
- ↑ 存档副本. [2011-11-09].
- ↑ John Pike. Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience. Globalsecurity.org. [2012-07-27].
- ↑ PAKISTAN AIR FORCE - Official website. Paf.gov.pk. [2012-07-27].
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 IAF COMBAT KILLS – 1971 INDO-PAK AIR WAR (PDF). orbat.com. [20 December 2011].
- ↑ Leonard, Thomas. Encyclopedia of the developing world, Volume 1. Taylor & Francis, 2006. ISBN 9780415976626.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Global Security. [20 October 2009].
- ↑ The Sinking of the Ghazi. Bharat Rakshak Monitor, 4(2). [20 October 2009].
- ↑ Operations in the Bay of Bengal: The Loss of PNS/M Ghazi. PakDef. [20 October 2009].
- ↑ How west was won...on the waterfront. tribuneindia. [24 December 2011].
- ↑ India – Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I. acig.com. [22 December 2011].
- ↑ Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army. Los Angeles Times. 30 March 2002 [11 April 2010].
- ↑ Cohen, Stephen. The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. 2004: 382. ISBN 978-0-8157-1502-3.
- ↑ Haqqani, Hussain. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. United Book Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1., Chapter 3, pp 87.
- ↑ Burke, Samuel Martin. Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies. University Of Minnesota Press. 1974: 216. ISBN 978-0-8166-5714-8.
- ↑ Qureshi, Hakeem Arshad. Through the 1971 Crisis: An Eyewitness Account by a Soldier. Oxford University Press. 2003: 33. ISBN 978-0-19-579778-7.
- ↑ Raja, Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar, O GENERAL MY GENERAL (Life and Works of General M A G Osmany), p35-109, ISBN 978-984-8866-18-4
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 The U.S.: A Policy in Shambles. Time Magazine, 20 December 1971. 20 December 1971 [2009-10-20].
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep. Time Magazine, 25 October 1971. 25 October 1971 [2009-10-20].
- ↑ India: Easy Victory, Uneasy Peace. Time Magazine, 27 December 1971. 27 December 1971 [2009-10-20].
- ↑ Indo-Pakistani Wars. MSN Encarta. [2009-10-20].
- ↑ I had to find troops for Dhaka. Rediff News, 14 December 2006. [2009-10-20].